Introduction
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a medical condition that results from the compression of nerves and blood vessels in the thoracic outlet, the space between the collarbone (clavicle) and first rib. It can lead to pain, numbness, weakness, and circulation issues in the upper limbs.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of TOS, including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches, to help medical students and healthcare professionals understand this important condition.
Understanding the Thoracic Outlet
The thoracic outlet is the passage between the spine, first rib, and sternum. Major neurovascular structures, including the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, and subclavian vein, pass through this space.
There are three key anatomical spaces where compression can occur:
- Scalene Triangle – The most common site of brachial plexus compression.
- Costoclavicular Space – Located between the first rib and clavicle, where the subclavian vein is most susceptible to compression.
- Pectoralis Minor Space – Although not technically part of the thoracic outlet, this space can contribute to brachial plexus or vascular compression.